AN ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT METHOD AMONG RESIDENTS IN FAKO DIVISION, CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The global growth of electronic trash (e-waste) is rapidly increasing and is considered a significant environmental concern resulting from technical breakthroughs, urbanisation, industrialisation, population growth, and economic development (Needhidasan et al., 2017). As a result, these advancements need extensive usage of electronic devices to support them, which in turn leads to the generation of significant amounts of waste (Bhutta et al., 2018). E-waste refers to discarded electronic equipment that operates on electricity or batteries, such as computers, laptops, televisions, DVD players, mobile phones, MP3 players, and others. These devices are no longer used by their original owners and are considered waste (Needhidasan et al., 2017). E-waste encompasses a wide array of electronic gadgets, ranging from huge household appliances to personal items like handheld cellular phones, personal stereos, consumer electronics, and laptops (Kummer, 2019).

By 2016, around 44.7 million metric tonnes of electronic garbage (e-waste) were produced worldwide, with Africa contributing 2.2 metric tonnes. However, only 20% of this e-waste was recycled through proper routes (Ari, 2017). According to estimates, the global generation of e-waste is projected to reach 52.2 million metric tonnes by the year 2030 (Ari, 2017). A study conducted in Cameroon revealed that the Government, academic institutions, and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) possess the largest proportion of Information, Communication, and Technology (ICT) equipment in the country, accounting for 74.3% of the total. Approximately 18.6% of the equipment is utilised for business purposes, while 7.1% is allocated for household and personal use (Balde et al., 2017). The vast quantities of ICT equipment will inevitably transform into electronic garbage in the near future, necessitating improved strategic planning. 

E-waste is distinctive due to the poisonous, harmful, and non-biodegradable characteristics of its components (Needhidasan et al., 2017). E-waste has about 1,000 distinct compounds, including lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, hexavalent chromium, and flame retardants. When e-waste is burned, it releases dioxin emissions (Needhidasan et al., 2017; Ari, 2017). Inadequate management, recycling, and disposal of electronic trash can have significant repercussions on both public health and the environment (Balde et al., 2017). E-waste toxins have been linked to brain damage, birth deformities, allergic reactions, and cancer (Bhutta et al., 2018; Bain et al., 2017). The process of dismantling, recovering materials, and disposing of e-waste has significant environmental and human health consequences (Anamalai, 2017). Children, foetuses, pregnant women, elderly individuals, individuals with disabilities, workers in the informal e-waste recycling sector, and waste scavengers are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of e-waste. Due to their developmental vulnerabilities and compromised systems, children and foetuses are more susceptible to the harmful effects of e-waste. This is because their bodies are unable to eliminate some toxic elements (Anamalai, 2017; Grant, 2018). 

The effective handling of electronic waste involves several methods such as reuse, regulated recycling, material recovery, burning, and landfilling (Needhidasan et al., 2017; Bhutta et al., 2018). However, the selection of a disposal method relies on the capacity that is now accessible in various countries. Presently, the majority of electronic waste (e-waste) generated in low and middle-income nations is not subject to regulations and is handled by the informal sector using primitive methods such as informal dismantling, unskilled recycling, indiscriminate dumping, unregulated disposal in landfills, and open burning. This exposes the public to dangerous consequences associated with e-waste (Ari, 2017; Oteng-Ababio, 2018). In countries such as Uganda, where there is a lack of a well-defined management system and legislative framework for electronic trash (e-waste), the disposal practices are particularly problematic (Nuwamanya, 2018). E-waste is typically exported from affluent countries, such as India and Ghana, to underdeveloped countries as a cost-saving measure to avoid the expensive process of proper disposal (Bhutta et al., 2018). The Basel Convention, established in 1992, aims to regulate the cross-border transportation and disposal of dangerous wastes. As a result, numerous African nations have joined as members (Kummer, 2019). Nevertheless, the Basel Convention does not govern the trade of used items and certain electronic waste scraps. This loophole allows industrialised nations to persist in exporting e-waste to developing countries who lack the necessary infrastructure to dispose of it appropriately.

The management of electronic waste in Cameroon is a significant concern due to the rapid growth in the usage of electronic devices and the lack of adequate infrastructure for appropriate trash disposal (Ndiaye et al., 2018). Fako Division, an important administrative entity in the South-West Region of Cameroon, is now witnessing a significant increase in the usage of electronic devices. This has raised concerns regarding the proper management of electronic waste by the population. Inadequate methods of disposing electronic garbage, such as incineration or depositing it in landfills, lead to environmental deterioration and present health hazards to the nearby population (Oteng-Ababio, 2022). However, the population of Fako Division have a poor understanding and awareness of suitable techniques for managing e-waste. A significant number of residents lack awareness on the possible dangers linked to incorrect disposal of electronic trash and the existing strategies for effectively handling this form of garbage (Borthakur & Govind, 2017). The absence of knowledge impedes endeavours to advocate for sustainable waste management techniques and intensifies the environmental consequences of e-waste in the area. The objective of this study is to evaluate the citizens' level of knowledge in Fako Division on suitable techniques for managing electronic waste.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The inappropriate handling of electronic trash (e-waste) has become a major global environmental and public health issue, especially in underdeveloped nations such as Cameroon, where the infrastructure and regulations for e-waste disposal are typically insufficient (Baldé et al., 2017). E-waste is composed of toxic elements like lead, mercury, and cadmium. These pollutants have the potential to seep into the environment, polluting the land, water, and air. This contamination poses significant health hazards to nearby communities (Li et al., 2020).

A fundamental obstacle in efficiently managing electronic waste in Cameroon is the lack of adequate infrastructure specifically designed for the collection, recycling, and disposal of such waste. Many regions experience a deficiency of dedicated e-waste collection centres and recycling facilities, leading to improper disposal methods such as open dumping and informal recycling (Mombo et al., 2021). Inadequate management of significant quantities of e-waste occurs due to a lack of well-structured systems for collecting and treating it, resulting in environmental contamination and health risks. In Cameroon, there is frequently a deficiency in public comprehension regarding the proper disposal and recycling of electronic debris (e-waste). A considerable segment of the populace lacks awareness regarding the possible hazards associated with improper disposal of electronic waste, as well as the diverse recycling and safe disposal techniques that are already available (Nguefack et al., 2020). Lack of awareness and participation perpetuates the use of informal and environmentally harmful waste disposal practices.

The consumption of electronic gadgets in Fako Division, a fast developing area in the South-West Region of Cameroon, has led to a significant rise in the amount of e-waste generated. Nevertheless, the people' understanding and consciousness of suitable ways for managing e-waste are still restricted. A significant portion of the population lacks awareness regarding the risks involved in improper disposal of electronic trash and is uninformed about the right methods for managing this garbage in an environmentally responsible manner (Ndiaye et al., 2018). The lack of effective public awareness programs and limited availability of e-waste collection and recycling facilities in the region worsen this problem (Oteng-Ababio, 2022).

The objective of this study is to tackle the lack of information and awareness regarding proper techniques for managing electronic waste among the population of Fako Division. The absence of understanding not only leads to incorrect disposal methods, such as incinerating or dumping electronic debris in landfills, but also weakens endeavours to encourage sustainable environmental practices in the area (Borthakur & Govind, 2017). The lack of understanding in this area is a risk to both the environment and human health, requiring immediate measures to educate inhabitants on appropriate methods for managing electronic trash. Therefore, the necessity for doing this study arises.

Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically assess the knowledge of appropriate electronic waste (e-waste) management methods among residents in Fako Division, Cameroon. Specific objectives of this study are to:

To determine the level of awareness among residents of Fako Division regarding the environmental and health impacts of improper e-waste disposal

To evaluate the Level of knowledge of residents about existing e-waste management methods in Fako Division

To identify the factors that influence the knowledge and awareness of appropriate e-waste management methods among the residents in Fako Division.

To recommend strategies for improving knowledge and promoting sustainable e-waste management practices among residents in Fako Division

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

What is the level of awareness among residents of Fako Division regarding the environmental and health impacts of improper e-waste disposal?

What knowledge do residents have about appropriate e-waste management methods, such as recycling and safe disposal?

What knowledge do residents have about appropriate e-waste management methods, such as recycling and safe disposal?

What strategies can be implemented to improve knowledge and promote sustainable e-waste management practices among residents in Fako Division?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: The level of awareness among residents of Fako Division regarding the environmental and health impacts of improper e-waste disposal is low.

Ha: The level of awareness among residents of Fako Division regarding the environmental and health impacts of improper e-waste disposal is high.

1.6 Significance of the study

The importance of this study resides in its capacity to raise public consciousness and behaviours about e-waste management, improve environmental and health results, facilitate policy formulation, and empower the community in Fako Division. The knowledge acquired will be crucial in formulating efficient tactics and solutions to tackle the escalating problem of electronic trash in the area.

This study aims to pinpoint the precise areas of insufficient awareness among residents concerning the management of electronic trash (e-waste). Comprehending these disparities is crucial for creating efficient educational programs and interventions designed to enhance awareness and understanding of appropriate techniques for disposing of electronic waste. The survey can inform the development of focused educational campaigns and community outreach activities that improve citizens' awareness and practices about e-waste management by identifying their existing level of knowledge and misconceptions.

Moreover, the study can provide insights to enhance local waste management techniques. By comprehending the awareness levels of inhabitants, interventions can be customised to encourage responsible disposal of electronic trash and diminish incorrect disposal behaviours that result in environmental damage. The assessment can determine whether the current waste management infrastructure is enough or whether there is a necessity for enhancements. This can provide guidance to policymakers and local authorities in improving waste management systems and services.

Furthermore, effective e-waste treatment is essential for reducing environmental pollution caused by toxic substances present in electronic equipment. The study's results can aid in mitigating environmental contamination and advancing sustainable waste management procedures. Improper disposal of electronic trash can result in health hazards, such as the potential for exposure to harmful compounds. The study aims to decrease these health hazards and build safer surroundings by enhancing residents' awareness and practices.

Furthermore, the results of the study can offer significant information for local and national authorities to create and execute efficient e-waste management strategies. Utilising evidence-based recommendations can inform the development of laws and standards that effectively handle the unique demands and difficulties of the Fako Division. The study's findings can provide valuable guidance for the strategic development of waste management programs and initiatives, ensuring that they are well-matched with the community's needs and knowledge levels.

Furthermore, the study promotes increased community participation in the management of electronic trash by emphasising the importance of citizens as essential stakeholders. Enhanced consciousness can result in heightened engagement in recycling programs and efforts to minimise waste. The study empowers citizens by providing them with knowledge and understanding of effective e-waste management methods, enabling them to take proactive measures in managing e-waste and lobbying for improved waste management practices.

Moreover, this work adds to the expanding corpus of research on e-waste management in emerging areas, offering context-specific data that may be utilised for comparison analysis with other places. The findings contribute to the global repository of information on e-waste management, providing valuable insights that can guide similar research and activities in other regions confronting similar difficulties.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically assess the knowledge of appropriate electronic waste (e-waste) management methods among residents in Cameroon. Specifically, this study seeks to determine the level of awareness among Cameroonians regarding the environmental and health impacts of improper e-waste disposal and evaluate the Level of knowledge of residents about existing e-waste management methods in Cameroon. 

Further, this study will focus on identifying the factors that influence the knowledge and awareness of appropriate e-waste management methods among the residents in Cameroon and it also seeks to recommend strategies for improving knowledge and promoting sustainable e-waste management practices among residents in Cameroon.

 The study is carried out in Cameroon.

1.8 Limitations of the study

During the analysis, the researchers noted inherent limits that are present in all human behaviors. The main limitation was the lack of extensive literature on the subject, resulting from the scarcity of data on Assessment of Knowledge of Appropriate Electronic Waste Management Methods Among Residents in Fako Division, Cameroon. Therefore, a significant allocation of time and exertion was necessary to determine the appropriate materials, books, or information and gather data. 

Furthermore, this study is constrained by its small sample size and confined geographical scope, mostly focused on Cameroon. Therefore, the generalizability of the findings from this study is restricted, highlighting the need for more research. 

Moreover, the limitations faced by the researcher were primarily due to financial constraints, as they are a student who lacks the requisite financial means to sustain themselves. The exorbitant transportation rates at the research site posed a challenge in meeting the financial obligations related to transportation expenses.

Furthermore, the researcher faced a time constraint due to the need to do this research while simultaneously fulfilling the obligations of attending lectures and participating in other educational pursuits.

1.9 Definition of terms

E-waste: E-waste (electronic waste) includes anything with plugs, cords and electronic components. Common sources of e-waste include televisions, computers, mobile phones and any type of home appliance, from air conditioners to children's toys. Piles of mixed electronic waste.

E-waste management: E-waste management refers to properly disposing and managing electronic waste, including old or discarded electronic gadgets such as phones, computers, and televisions. The process involves the collection, transportation, recycling, refurbishing, and disposal of electronic waste in an environmentally-friendly manner.

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