AN ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUE OF GRADUATE UNEMPLOYMENT IN CAMEROON; CASE STUDY OF DOUALA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest higher education enrolment rate, standing at a mere 8 percent (Neneh, 2021). Aware of the significance of higher education for socioeconomic development and in light of the growing need for it, African countries have made significant efforts to expand access to higher education, despite numerous constraints and challenges. Enrolment in most countries has experienced significant growth. The result was as anticipated—the higher number of graduates (Makgoba et al., 2021). Surprisingly, the unemployment rate among these graduates has been on the rise, and this trend is evident in nearly every African country. In certain nations, the unemployment rate is cause for concern. 

The causes of graduate unemployment are well-documented. First, public universities have prioritised increasing access, but have struggled with limited financial, physical, and human resources. As a result, there has been a trade-off between quantity and quality (Foba et al., 2017). This has had a significant impact on the qualifications awarded. However, in addition to strong qualifications, employers highly value certain attributes and competencies known as "soft skills," which are often lacking in recent graduates. Furthermore, the connections between the university and the community, including business and industry, public bodies, and rural areas, are lacking. In many ways, the university is isolated from the practical world of work (Kwanka, 2020). However, institutions cannot be solely blamed for all the causes. All stakeholders have an equal share of responsibility. The private sector, which is increasingly becoming the primary employer of graduates, should contribute by offering brief student internships, graduate training, soft-skills training, and even funding as part of its social responsibility (Tall et al., 2018). The largest private companies in Africa prioritise employing locally trained graduates, ensuring a professional workforce. 

Many countries also lack a specialised higher education system that creates a diverse workforce in line with Africa's development goals. African governments have frequently replicated existing institutions or elevated polytechnics and postsecondary colleges to universities, resulting in the establishment of similar institutions for political reasons (Salmi et al., 2023). However, there is a greater demand in the labour market for individuals with lower-level, practical training diplomas rather than those with academically-qualified degrees. Africa is currently experiencing rapid growth, both in terms of its economy and population. It boasts a population that is incredibly young, with a strong emphasis on education and high expectations for its future (Ndande, 2018). The region requires a workforce with exceptional expertise to support its ongoing economic development, thus necessitating the expansion of its higher education sector. However, achieving development requires more than just producing a large number of graduates. It is crucial to ensure that these graduates are able to find productive employment. Africa must address the pressing issue of graduate unemployment. What each African country requires is a focused and clearly outlined strategy and action plan, implemented at both the national and institutional levels (Salmi et al., 2023). This strategy should also be driven by accurate and current statistical data, which is currently in short supply. By doing so, we can foster a dynamic higher education sector that can effectively contribute to Africa's development goals and position the continent as a significant player in global growth (Kwame et al., 2022).

Graduate unemployment poses a significant challenge in Cameroon, especially in urban areas like Douala, where the mismatch between educational achievements and job market demands is becoming more evident. The issue of graduate unemployment not only impacts individuals' economic prospects but also has wider consequences for the country's economic growth and social stability. Cameroon has witnessed remarkable economic growth in recent years. However, the positive impact of this growth on job prospects for educated youth has been limited. Based on the latest data from the World Bank (2022), it is evident that Cameroon is facing a significant challenge when it comes to graduate unemployment. The overall unemployment rate in the country stands at approximately 4.5%, but the situation is much more concerning for university graduates. Recent figures reveal that nearly 30% of these individuals are struggling to find employment that aligns with their qualifications (World Bank, 2022). This discrepancy underscores a crucial problem in the labour market where there is an imbalance between the number of skilled workers available and the demand for their services. Douala, being Cameroon's economic capital and largest city, is currently grappling with a significant issue of graduate unemployment. The city is known for its abundance of educational and training institutions, which contribute to a significant number of graduates annually. However, the local job market is facing challenges in accommodating this influx of highly skilled individuals. A study conducted by the International Labour Organisation (2021) highlights the presence of a significant educational mismatch in Douala's labour market. This means that a large number of graduates end up in jobs that do not make use of their skills or require a lower level of education (International Labour Organisation, 2021). Considering the intricacy of this matter, this study seeks to examine the different elements that contribute to the issue of graduate unemployment in Douala.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The ongoing problem of graduate unemployment in Douala, Cameroon, poses a major socio-economic challenge. In spite of the rising number of higher education institutions and the increasing number of graduates entering the job market annually, the local economy's capacity to absorb them remains restricted. This situation has resulted in a significant imbalance between the number of graduates and the need for skilled workers, leading to a high unemployment rate among educated young individuals.

The unemployment rate among university graduates in Cameroon is a cause for concern. According to the latest reports, a significant portion of recent graduates face challenges when it comes to securing employment that aligns with their qualifications (World Bank, 2022). The significant level of graduate unemployment highlights a crucial gap between the education system and the labour market. Douala, being the economic capital and largest city, is significantly impacted by this matter. The city's labour market is facing a challenge as the number of graduates continues to increase, which is worsening the situation (International Labour Organisation, 2021). One of the main factors that contribute to the problem of graduate unemployment is the discrepancy between the skills taught in educational institutions and the skills demanded by the job market. The educational system in Cameroon frequently falls short in providing students with the practical skills and knowledge necessary to meet the demands of today's industries. As per UNESCO (2020), numerous graduates discover that their qualifications are not up to par for the available job positions, resulting in an excess of skilled individuals without corresponding employment prospects (UNESCO, 2020).

In addition, the economic structure of Cameroon poses a challenge as it heavily relies on sectors that may not align with the skills possessed by graduates, which further complicates the situation. The country's economy relies heavily on informal and low-skilled sectors, which unfortunately do not offer sufficient opportunities for individuals with higher education (African Development Bank, 2021). In addition, the current economic instability and policy shortcomings have had a negative impact on job creation and economic diversification, further worsening the unemployment crisis (World Bank, 2022). The high rate of graduate unemployment has important implications for social and economic stability. Unemployed graduates frequently encounter financial difficulties, resulting in feelings of discontent and potential social unrest. The lack of opportunities for educated youth hinders economic growth, as their potential contributions to innovation and productivity go untapped (International Labour Organisation, 2021). In addition, extended periods of unemployment among graduates can lead to feelings of disconnection and decreased motivation, which can have a negative impact on the well-being of society as a whole. Given the complexity of this matter, this study aims to analyse the various factors that contribute to the problem of graduate unemployment in Douala.

Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically analyze the Issue of Graduate Unemployment in Cameroon; Case Study of Douala. Specific objectives of this study are to:

To examine the level of unemployment among graduate in Douala, Cameroon

To examine the causes of unemployment among graduate in Douala, Cameroon

To assess the consequences associated with the high rate of unemployment among graduates in Douala, Cameroon

To propose strategies for addressing graduate unemployment in Douala

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

What is the level of unemployment among graduate in Douala, Cameroon? 

What is the causes of unemployment among graduate in Douala, Cameroon?

What are the consequences associated with the high rate of unemployment among graduates in Douala, Cameroon?

 What are the strategies for addressing graduate unemployment in Douala, Cameroon?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: The level of unemployment among graduate in Douala, Cameroon is low.

Ha: The level of unemployment among graduate in Douala, Cameroon is high.

1.6 Significance of the study

The study of graduate unemployment in Cameroon, with a specific focus on Douala, holds great importance for a wide range of stakeholders, such as policymakers, educators, employers, and the larger community. The insights gained from this research are of utmost importance in tackling the immediate and long-term challenges linked to high levels of graduate unemployment and in promoting economic and social development.

This study offers concrete data and analysis that can assist in making informed policy decisions to tackle the issue of graduate unemployment. Through a thorough examination of the underlying factors and consequences of graduate unemployment, policymakers can develop enhanced strategies to enhance job opportunities for graduates. The study's findings can assist in effectively distributing resources to areas that require them the most. For instance, strategic investments in vocational training programs or sectors with significant job demand can be given priority based on the study's recommendations. This research can be used as a benchmark to assess the effectiveness of existing policies and programs. It can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of measures and areas that require improvement, allowing for continuous enhancements to policy approaches.

In addition, the study's findings have the potential to inspire improvements in educational curricula that are more closely aligned with the demands of the labour market. Through a careful analysis of the disparity between the education provided by academic institutions and the demands of the job market, educational institutions can make necessary adjustments to their programs. This will ensure that graduates are equipped with the essential skills and knowledge needed to succeed in their chosen fields. Gaining a deeper understanding of the obstacles encountered by recent graduates can contribute to the improvement of career services and job placement initiatives. This encompasses enhanced career counselling, increased access to internships, and comprehensive job search assistance.

Furthermore, tackling the issue of graduate unemployment can have a positive impact on economic growth as it ensures that individuals with advanced education are able to find employment that effectively utilises their skills. These factors can result in higher levels of productivity, innovation, and economic diversification. By offering improved job prospects for graduates, the study aims to decrease the dependence on informal and low-skilled industries, thus promoting a more formal and resilient economy.

Furthermore, elevated rates of graduate unemployment can result in discontent and instability within society. By tackling this issue, the study can make a valuable contribution to enhancing social stability and cohesion, thereby mitigating the potential for unrest that is often linked to high unemployment.

Furthermore, offering opportunities for employment to graduates can boost their overall motivation and sense of direction. This can have a significant impact on their overall well-being and their ability to make meaningful contributions to society.

Moreover, the study will establish a solid groundwork for future investigations into related subjects, including the influence of particular interventions or the efficacy of different employment programs. Additionally, it can enhance comparative studies with other regions or countries that are experiencing similar challenges.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically analyze the Issue of Graduate Unemployment in Cameroon. Specifically, this study seeks to examine the level of unemployment among graduate in Cameroon and examine the causes of unemployment among graduate in Cameroon. 

Further, this study will focus on assessing the consequences associated with the high rate of unemployment among graduates in Cameroon and it also seeks to propose strategies for addressing graduate unemployment in Cameroon.

 The study is carried out in Douala, Cameroon. 

1.8 Limitations of the study

Throughout the examination, the researchers carefully noted certain limitations that are inherent in all human actions. One of the main challenges we encountered was the lack of extensive literature on the topic. This was mainly due to the limited availability of data for conducting an analysis of the issue of graduate unemployment in Cameroon, with a specific focus on the case study of Douala. Therefore, a significant amount of time and effort was necessary to find the appropriate materials, books, or information and gather data. 

In addition, this study has limitations in terms of its sample size and geographical coverage, primarily focused on Douala, Cameroon. Therefore, the application of the findings from this study to a broader context is restricted, highlighting the need for further research. 

In addition, the limitations faced by the researcher were primarily due to financial constraints. The researcher, being a student, does not have sufficient financial resources to fully support themselves. The exorbitant transportation fees at the study site posed a challenge in meeting the financial obligations related to transportation expenses.

Furthermore, the researcher faced a time constraint due to the need to conduct this research while also juggling the demands of attending lectures and participating in other educational activities.

1.9 Definition of terms

Unemployment: Unemployment is a term referring to individuals who are employable and actively seeking a job but are unable to find a job. Included in this group are those people in the workforce who are working but do not have an appropriate job.

Unemployment rate: The unemployment rate is the percentage of people in the labor force who are unemployed. Consequently, measuring the unemployment rate requires identifying who is in the labor force. The labor force includes people who are either employed or unemployed.

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