A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF YOUTH IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Work not only provides financial rewards and opportunities for social contacts, but also plays a crucial role in an individual's sense of satisfaction and self-worth. In today's challenging employment landscape, young graduates are entering the labour market with high aspirations and dreams for the future, only to be confronted with the harsh reality of unemployment (Teft, 2021; Ryan et al., 2019). Unemployment has a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and social groups, leading to negative psychosocial consequences. Unemployment can have a negative impact on individuals and their social relationships. It can cause stress, guilt, and low self-esteem. Simultaneously, unemployment indicates a lack of productivity, a decrease in consumption, and a sense of emptiness (Paul et al., 2019). Thus, unemployment can have a significant impact on one's mental and emotional well-being. 

Ultimately, individuals who are unemployed are individuals who desire employment but face obstacles in finding suitable opportunities, whether due to a lack of availability or a lack of interest from potential employers (Ryan et al., 2019; Brenner, 2017). Unemployed individuals often experience a decrease in confidence and may feel a sense of rejection from society, which can lead to the development of resentment towards society. They endure years of hardship and frustration, often experiencing symptoms of depression. There is a growing sense of frustration and a lack of control over their own lives, leading to lowered expectations of themselves and those around them (Brenner, 2017). In certain instances, it can manifest through psychosomatic issues or lead to alcoholism and substance abuse, as well as involvement in antisocial groups and other delinquent behaviours.

Depression is a commonly researched psychological condition among individuals who are unemployed. Extensive research conducted across different cultures has consistently shown a significant correlation between unemployment and the manifestation of depressive symptoms. A well-respected study conducted by Brenner in the United States during the 1970s revealed a significant correlation between a 1% increase in the unemployment rate and a 67% increase in depressive symptoms five years later (Brenner, 2017). Based on the results of a prospective cohort study conducted in six European countries (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia, Netherlands, Slovenia, Portugal) and Chile, it was found that unemployed adults faced a higher risk of clinical depression compared to those who were employed (Jefferies et al., 2021). During the years of the last recession in Greece (2008 - 2016), when unemployment rates reached 25%, research revealed that Greeks were 2.6 times more likely to experience a major episode of depression (Simou, 2018).

Research indicates a clear link between unemployment and suicides (Prakash et al, 2020). Based on a comprehensive study conducted in 26 European countries, it was observed that an increase of 1% in the unemployment rate resulted in a corresponding increase of 0.79% in the suicide rate for individuals under the age of 65. Furthermore, a larger increase of 3% in unemployment had an even more significant impact, leading to a 4.5% rise in suicides (Stankunas, 2017). During the period of mass privatisation in post-communist countries, there was a significant rise in suicides, particularly among working-aged men. This increase in suicides became the leading cause of violent death (Choppra et al., 2019). A study examining the impact of the Asian financial crisis on suicide rates in six countries revealed a significant increase in suicides during the crisis period (1997-1998). Specifically, Japan experienced a 39% rise, Korea saw a 45% increase, and Hong Kong witnessed a 44% surge in suicide rates (Chang, 2018). During the mid-1990s, there were reports of high suicide rates among farmers in India. These tragic incidents were attributed to factors such as financial insecurity, job loss, and the rapid changes in the labour market (Patel., 2023). Ultimately, a comprehensive meta-analysis examining the relationship between unemployment duration and suicide rates has uncovered a significant correlation between prolonged unemployment and an increased incidence of suicide (Milner, 2019).

The unstable economic conditions and the rise of unemployment are also closely linked to increased rates of substance abuse and alcohol consumption. This is a viewpoint that is well-supported by data from various countries over a period of time (Stuckler, 2017, Danny et al., 2019). The acute and chronic stressors that accompany job loss can lead to the adoption of high-risk lifestyle behaviours, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use, as individuals try to cope with the challenging situation of losing their social networks (Chapman et al., 2021). Unemployment, especially among young people, is a significant concern in Cameroon, with far-reaching effects on mental health. The economic challenges faced by young people in Cameroon have a profound impact on their financial stability, as well as their mental health and overall quality of life (Upanne, 2019).

Cameroon has witnessed fluctuations in its economic growth in recent years, while the issue of youth unemployment continues to be a pressing concern. Based on the data from the World Bank (2023), the unemployment rate for young people in Cameroon stands at around 10.5%, which is significantly higher than the national average of approximately 4.5% (World Bank, 2023). This discrepancy underscores the significant obstacles encountered by young people in securing meaningful jobs. The psychological impacts of unemployment on young individuals have been extensively studied in different settings. Extended periods of unemployment can have a profound impact on one's mental well-being, resulting in feelings of sadness, worry, and a diminished sense of self-worth. A study conducted by the African Development Bank (2022) reveals that the significant unemployment rates among young individuals in Cameroon have a direct impact on their mental well-being, leading to heightened levels of psychological distress characterised by feelings of hopelessness and frustration (African Development Bank, 2022). The psychological distress experienced by unemployed youth has far-reaching societal implications. Extensive mental health challenges can result in reduced efficiency and heightened reliance on social support systems. In addition, the psychological strain can have an impact on social stability and the overall morale of society (World Health Organisation, 2022). Having a deep understanding of the psychological impact of unemployment is essential in order to develop support systems and interventions that are effective. Therefore, the necessity for this study arises.

1.2 Statement of the problem

The high levels of unemployment among young people in Cameroon are a cause for concern, as it has significant implications for their psychological well-being. In spite of the government and other parties' endeavours to tackle unemployment, the increasing rate of joblessness among young individuals has resulted in a range of psychological difficulties. These include depression, anxiety, and a decreased sense of self-esteem.

The impact of unemployment on young individuals is significant. Many young Cameroonians struggle with feelings of hopelessness and despair without the structure and purpose that employment provides. The absence of economic opportunities not only hampers their capacity to provide for themselves and their families, but also diminishes their self-confidence and sense of self. This situation is made worse by the negative perception associated with being unemployed, which can result in feelings of loneliness and additional mental health challenges (Ngale, 2020). 

 In addition, extended periods of unemployment have been associated with higher rates of substance abuse, suicidal tendencies, and other detrimental behaviours among young people. The frustration and sense of failure experienced by these young individuals can have a detrimental impact on their overall mental well-being, which in turn can hinder their future prospects and their potential to make meaningful contributions to society (Eshun & Gurung, 2019). The socio-economic consequences of this issue have wide-ranging effects, not only on the individuals affected but also on their families, communities, and the broader Cameroonian society. The economic strain resulting from unemployment often intensifies these mental health issues, leading to a cycle of stress and emotional instability (Sweeney & McMahon, 2021).

Although there is a lack of research specifically focussing on the mental health outcomes of unemployed youth in Cameroon, it is evident that there is a strong link between unemployment and psychological distress. This study aims to address the lack of research in understanding the impact of unemployment on the psychological well-being of young individuals in the country. Through this approach, the goal is to provide valuable insights for the creation of focused interventions that can help alleviate the adverse effects of unemployment on the mental well-being of young individuals.

Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically Assess the Impact of Unemployment on the Psychological Well-Being of Youth in Cameroon. Specific objectives of this study are to:

To Examine the impact of Unemployment on the mental Well-being of youths in Cameroon

To investigate the impact of unemployment on the feeling of depression among youths in Cameroon.

To determine the impact of unemployment on self-esteem of youths in Cameroon

To investigate the impact of unemployment on suicidal behaviors of youth in Cameroon

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

What is the impact of Unemployment on the mental Well-being of youths in Cameroon? 

What is the impact of unemployment on the feeling of depression among youths in Cameroon?

What is the impact of unemployment on self-esteem of youths in Cameroon?

 What is the impact of unemployment on suicidal behaviors of youth in Cameroon?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between unemployment and the psychological well-being of youths in Cameroon.

Ha: There is a significant relationship between unemployment and the psychological well-being of youths in Cameroon.

1.6 Significance of the study

This study is of great importance to a wide range of individuals and groups, such as policymakers, mental health experts, educators, and society as a whole. It delves into the complex connection between unemployment and the psychological well-being of young people in Cameroon.

This study will offer valuable insights that can assist policymakers in developing effective strategies to tackle the issue of youth unemployment and the mental health challenges that come with it. By emphasising the emotional impact of unemployment, the research can contribute to the development of policies that address both job creation and mental health support for young people who are out of work. A balanced approach is crucial for fostering the holistic development of young individuals in Cameroon.

In addition, the results of this study will be extremely valuable for mental health experts specialising in working with young individuals. Through the identification of specific psychological issues that arise from unemployment, valuable insights can be gained to inform the development of targeted interventions and support programs. These programs are designed to assist unemployed youth in managing the mental health challenges they encounter, ultimately enhancing their ability to bounce back and pursue future opportunities.

Furthermore, this study can help communities, families, and educators become more aware of the significance of providing psychological support to young people by highlighting the mental health repercussions of unemployment among youth. Heightened awareness can result in a greater focus on tackling the negative perceptions surrounding joblessness and mental well-being, creating a more nurturing atmosphere for young individuals facing difficulties.

Furthermore, the study highlights the wider impact of youth unemployment on the economic and social structure of the nation. Highlighting the negative impact of unemployment on the mental well-being of young individuals, who play a crucial role in shaping the future workforce, this research underscores the significance of prioritising job creation and mental health resources within Cameroon's overall economic development strategy. 

In addition, the research findings can be valuable for non-governmental organisations, community groups, and other stakeholders who are looking to develop and execute programs that target the psychological effects of unemployment. These programs are designed to offer emotional and psychological support, enhance resilience, and provide skills training to assist unemployed youth in transitioning into employment or entrepreneurship.

Moreover, this study will address a notable void in the current body of research concerning the correlation between youth unemployment and mental health in Cameroon. Although there has been extensive research on the economic impacts of unemployment, its psychological effects, especially in the African context, have not received as much attention. This study aims to enhance our comprehension of the impact of unemployment on the mental well-being of young individuals, establishing a basis for further investigation in this field.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically Assess the Impact of Unemployment on the Psychological Well-Being of Youth in Cameroon. Specifically, this study seeks examine the impact of Unemployment on the mental Well-being of youths in Cameroon and investigate the impact of unemployment on the feeling of depression among youths in Cameroon. 

Further, this study will focus on determining the impact of unemployment on self-esteem of youths in Cameroon and it also seeks to investigate the impact of unemployment on suicidal behaviors of youth in Cameroon.

 The study is carried out in Cameroon. 

1.8 Limitations of the study

During the examination, the researchers took careful note of certain limitations that are inherent in all human actions. One of the primary obstacles we faced was the limited availability of comprehensive literature on the subject. This was primarily because there was a scarcity of data available to conduct a study on the impact of unemployment on the psychological well-being of youth in Cameroon. Consequently, a considerable investment of time and energy was required to locate the suitable materials, books, or information and collect data. 

Furthermore, this study has certain limitations regarding its sample size and geographical coverage, with a primary focus on Cameroon. Thus, the generalizability of the findings from this study is limited, emphasizing the importance of additional research. 

Furthermore, the researcher encountered limitations primarily as a result of financial constraints. The researcher, as a student, lacks the necessary financial means to fully sustain themselves. The high transportation fees at the study site presented a difficulty in fulfilling the financial responsibilities associated with transportation expenses.

In addition, the researcher encountered a time limitation as they had to balance conducting this research with attending lectures and engaging in other educational activities.

1.9 Definition of terms

Unemployment: Unemployment is a term referring to individuals who are employable and actively seeking a job but are unable to find a job. Included in this group are those people in the workforce who are working but do not have an appropriate job.

Unemployment rate: The unemployment rate is the percentage of people in the labor force who are unemployed. Consequently, measuring the unemployment rate requires identifying who is in the labor force. The labor force includes people who are either employed or unemployed.

Psychosocial well-being: Psychosocial well-being incorporates the physical, economic, social, mental, emotional, cultural, and spiritual determinants of health. Well-being of an individual includes coping with the various stresses of everyday living and realization of the full potential of an individual as a productive member of the society

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